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Answer Questions 71 -80 by referring to the following book reviews.
Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choicesmay be required more than once.
A = BOOK REVIEW 1B = BOOK REVIEW 2
C = BOOK REVIEW 3D = BOOK REVIEW 4
Which book review(s) contain(s) the following information?
The main point of the book is simple : globalization is not helping many poor countries. Incomes are not ris- ing in much of the world, and adoption of market-based policies such as open capital markets, free trade.
and privatization are makirlg developing economies less stable, not more. Instead of a bigger dose of free markets, Stiglitz argues, what' s needed to make globalization work better is more and smarter government intervention. While this has 'been said before, the ideas carry more weight coming from someone With Stiglitz's credentials. In some ways, this book ha—— the potential to be the liberal equivalent of Milton Friedman'S 1962 classic Capitalism and Freedom, which helped provide the intellectual foundafion for a generation of conservatives. But Giobalization and Its Discontents does not rise to the level of capitalism and freedom. While Stiglitz makes a strong case for govern- ment-oriented development policy, he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market. "The book' s main villain is the International Monetary Fund, the Washington organization that lends to troubled countries", Stiglitz' con- tempt for the IMF is boundless, "It is clear that the IMF has failed in its mission, " he declares. "Many of the poli- cies that the IMF pushed have contributed to global instability. "
While parts of this book are disappointingly shallow, Stiglitz' s critique of the market-driven 90' s s011 reso- hates; especially when the business page is full of stories about white-collar crime and the stock market
seems stuck in a perpetual rut. Even the United States cannot blithely assume that financial markets will work on au- topilot. It is testament to the salience of Stiglitz' s arguments that many economists--even some Bush Administration officials--now embrace his view that economic change in the developing word must evolve more with local condi- tions, not on Washington' s calendar. Without a thorough makeover, globalization could easily become a quagmire. Stiglitz shared a Nobel Prize last year for his work analyzing the imperfections of markets. His main c——omplaint a- gainst Rubin and Summers, who served as Treasury Secretaries, and against Fischer, the NO. 2 official and de facto chief executive of the international Monetary Fund, is that they had too much faith that markets could transform poor countries overnight. He labels these three men market fundamentalists, who fought tO maintain financial stability with the same urgency that an earlier generation struggled to contain communism. Worse, he suggests, they shilled for Wall Street, conflating the interests of the big banks with the financial health of the world.
"Stiglitz, 58, is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF of operating undemocratically and exacerbating T——ird World poverty. But he is by far the most prominent and his emergence as a critic marks an important
shift in the intellectual landscape. Only a few years ago, it was possible for pundits to claim that no mainstream e- conomist, certainly nobody of Stiglitz' s stature, took the criticism of free trade and globalization seriously. Such
claims are no longer credible, for Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group Of economists, sociologists and poliO- cal scientists, among them Dani Rodrik of Harvard and Robert Wade of the London School of Economics, who not
only take the critics seriously but warn that ignoring their concerns could have dire consequences. " Over the past several years, Stiglitz, a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on asymmetric information, has grown accustomed to being at the center of controversy. From 1997 to 2000, he served as senior vice president and chief economist at the Word Bank--a tire that did not stop him from publicly criticizing the bank' s sister institution, the International Monetary Fund, Stiglitz' s outspokenness, unprecedented for a high- ranking insider, infuriated top officials at the IMF and US Treasury Department, and eventually led James Wolfen- sohn, the World Bank' s president, to inform him that he would have to mute his criticism or resign, Stiglitz chose to leave.
"Stiglitz' book makes a compelling case that simple-minded economic doctrine, inadequately tailored to the realities of developing countries, can do more harm than good, and that the subtleties of economic theory are actually quite important for sound policy advice, But simplistic political advice--give developing countries more voice and the institutions of global governance will be rendered more legitimate and efficient--is equally problemat- ic. Political reform is as subtle lex as economic reform. Evidently, the minds among us have only be- gun to think about it. " Joseph Stiglitz' s memoirs of his years in Washington, D. C. --first as chair of President blill Clinton' s Council of Economic Advisers and then as chief economist at the World Bank--have the flavor of a morality play: Our goodhearted but slightly native hero, on leave from Stanford University, sets out for the nation'
capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world. Once there he finds a morass of political opportunism, ideologically motivated decision-making and bureaucratic inertia. Undeterred, he battles valiantly on behalf of impoverished nations against the unrelenting globalisers of the International Monetary Fund.
短文赏析
A
书评一讲的是经济学家Sdglitz的《全球化和问题》的主要观点并与Friedman的《资本主义和自由》进行比较，Stiglitz认为全球化对落后国家并没有什么帮助。采取市场经济、自由贸易等政策只会使经济越来越不稳定。使全球化更好的发挥作用的办法是政府的干涉。该书主要是对国际货币基金组织的批判。他对IMF无比鄙视，认为国际货币基金组织推出的政策只会导致全球不稳定。
B
书评二是有关Stiglitz对其他三位经济学家的批判，Rubin，Summers和Fischer都过于看好市场经济的力量。尽管Stiglitz的书中有些部分也很肤浅，但是他对市场驱动的批评仍然回荡在人们心中，特别是当90年代有关商业的报纸都登满了白领犯罪和股市不景气的信息，这些都证明了市场驱动下的政策的不利影响。该书认为市场经济的作用也必须与当地的经济发展状况相协调。否则的话，全球化很容易就变为泥潭。
C
书评三是有关Stiglitz成就的信息。他虽然不是最早对IMF提出批评的人，但是到目前为止是该领域最杰出的人物。他作为一个批评家的出现标志着知识分子领域的一个重要转变。前些年经济学家们都没有人像Stightz这样重视自由贸易和全球化。是他开创了这一先河，但是现在越来越多的经济学家开始关注这一问题。2001年，他因为发表不对称理论获得诺贝尔奖。自那之后也开始习惯了别人对他争议的看法。他的直言不讳激怒了IMF和美国财政部的许多官员，使世界银行的总裁都很无奈地告诉他，他必须停止他的批判或者辞职。Stiglitz选择了离职。
D
书评四讲的是Stiglitz书籍的影响力以及他决心致力于发展中国家的`发展问题。那些头脑简单，认为应该给予发达国家更多的权力和发言权的愚蠢想法，只会带来更多的危害。政治改革和经济改革一样复杂。很显然我们的心地善良的英雄，离开斯坦福大学，打算为发展中国家的发展事业而奋斗。
答案及解析
71.A【解析】“Comparison of the significance of two economic books”含有对两本经济书的对比信息的，我们可以看出四个书评中只有A中提到了两本书之间的关系。所以本题应选A。
72.C【解析】Stiglitz在经济学领域享有的盛誉，C中“the most promi-nent and his emergence”。“a celebrated theorist who was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize...”等词都可以看出他的杰出贡献。所以本题应选C。
73.B 【解析】书评二中最后几句话提到了Stiglitz对Rubin and Sum—meFs，Fischer，the N0.2 0fficial and de facto chief executive of the IMF的批评，“…they had too much筋th that markets could trans—form poor countries labels these three men market fun—damentalists”都可以看出题目中包含的信息。所以本题应选B。
74.B【解析】书评二中提到许多经济学家，甚至布什政府的官员都赞成Stiglitz的论点，认为“economic change in the developing world must evolve more with local conditions”。所以本题应选B。
75.A【解析】书评一中“Stiglitz argues，what’s needed to make globaliza-tion work better is more and smarter government intervention.”这句话我们可以看出。所以本题应选A。
76.D【解析】Stiglitz打算致力于发展中国家的发展是在书评四中提到的，书评四最后几句“…sets out for the nation’S capital to serve his country and improve the lot of the developing world.”他打算改善发展中国家人民的命运。所以本题应选D。
77.A 【解析】书评一中提到Stiglitz更主张政府参与下的经济政策，而不是以市场为主导的政策。所以本题应选A。
78.c【解析】越来越多的人赞成Stiglitz的观点，批评自由贸易和全球化，从“Such claims are no longer Stiglitz is part of a small but growing group of economists，sociologists and political sci-entists…”9rowing一词可以看出答案。所以本题应选C。
79.B【解析】有关商业方面的报道都是对Stiglitz的论点的支持信息。“cially when the business page is full of stories about white—collar crime and the stock market seems stuck in a perpetual rut..."所以本题应选B。
80.D【解析】书评一中的“…he ignores some key arguments in favor of the market...”，书评二中的“While parts of this book are disap. pointingly shallow…”，书评三种的“stiglitz，58，is hardly the first person to accuse the IMF…”都有提到Stiglitz的一些负面的消息。所以本题应选D。
学识谷
