idering
就……而论、照……来看；考虑到，既可用作介词，又可用作连词。例：I hear he is more than 70， but he is still very strong， considering his age.
听说他已经 70 多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很结实。
Considering （ that ） he did not study hard， he did well on the test.
考虑到他没有用功，他考得还不错。
另： considering 还可用作副词，通常置于句尾，意为从各方面看。例：
She seems （ to be ） very bright， considering.
从各方面看，她似乎很聪明。
2. providing / provided
倘若……；在……的条件下，用作连词，引导条件状语从句，但从句不用虚拟语气。例：
We'll visit Europe next year， provided / providing （ that ） we have the money.
如果我们有这笔钱，我们明年将去欧洲游览。
I shall go provided / providing （ that ） it does not rain.
倘若天不下雨，我就去。
3. supposing / suppose
假如、假定用作连词，引导条件状语从句，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。例：
Supposing / Suppose （ that ） the weather were bad， where would you go？
假如天气不好，你去什么地方？
Supposing / Suppose （ that ） she doesn't come， what should we do？
假如她不来我们该怎么办？
supposing 可用在一个简单句中，相当于 What would / will happen if … / What does it matter if …例：
Supposing I don't see her. （ = What will happen if I don't see her？ ）
假如我见不到她，那该怎么办？
suppose 意为假定；万一；倘若；不妨；何不。例：
（ Let us ） Suppose （ that ） his statement is right.
假定他的陈述是正确的。
4. according to /by
根据…… / 按照……，用作连词。例：
According to my watch， it's 4 o'clock.
按照我表上的时间，现在是 4 点钟。
You may go or stay， according as you decide.
去还是留，由你来决定。
You may / will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad.
根据工作好坏你将会受到奖惩。
according to 与 according by 的区别在于：
（ 1 ） according by 不可与表示人的名词或代词连用； according to 可与表示人的名词或代词连用。
（ 2 ） according to 只能表示来自他处的信息，而不能表示来自说话者本身的`信息。
例：
According to （不能用 by ） my clock， it is 12 o'clock.
根据我表上的时间，现在是 12 点。
According to （不能用 by ） her （不能用 me ）， the war broke out in 1923.
根据她所说的，那场战争在 1923 年爆发。
5. compared with / to
将……与……比较，用作介词。例：
Compared with / to her mother， she is tall.
和她母亲比起来，她算很高了。
6. including
包含，用作介词。例：
I have to prepare food for seven people， including me.
我必须准备包括自己在内 7 个人的食物。
7. owing to
由于……因为……，用作介词。 seeing （ that ）由于……；既然……；因为……，用作连词。例：
Owing to unfavourable weather， I was unable to carry on with it.
由于天气不好，我不能把它进行下去。
Seeting （ that ） he is ill， he's unlikely to come.
由于生病的缘故，他可能不来了。
8. judging from / by （ =to judge by ）
由……来判断，用作介词。例：
Judging from / by what he said， he must be an honest man.
由他所说的来判断，他一定是个诚实的人。
Judging from / by his accent， he must be from Guangdong province.
从他的口音来判断，他一定来自广东。
9. regarding （ =as regards， in regard to， with regard to ） / respecting （ =as respects， in respect to， with respect to ） / concerning （ =as concerns ） / relating to
均用作介词，意为关于，就……而言，相当于 about， 但比 about 正式。例：
Regarding this point， he is correct.
关于这一点，他是对的。
Respecting your salary， we shall come to a decision later.
关于你的工资，我们将在以后做出决定。
Concerning your letter， I am pleased to inform you that your plans are quite acceptable.
关于来信，我很高兴地通知你，我们觉得你的计划是可接受的。
10. given
如果有……，假定……，考虑到……，既可用作介词，也可用作连词。例：
Given that they are inexperienced， they have done a good job.
考虑到他们经验不足，他们的工作做得还不错。
Given his support， I think we'll win the election.
若能获得他的支持，我想我们会赢得这次选举。
11. granted / granting
用作连词，意为就算……，假定……，纵使……，姑且承认
例 Granted / Granting you are right， I won't do it.
就算你说的是正确的，我也不打算做那事。
12. assuming / say
（用于句首，与 Let's 连用）意为假定……假使例：
Assuming / Say （ Let's say ） that war breaks out， what do you do？
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