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Today, class, I am going to speak to you about theIndustrial Revolution. The term "industrialrevolution" refers to the technological, social,economic, and cultural changes that occurred inEngland in the late eighteenth century. This changeeventually spread around the world, creating many big cities. (16) Before the IndustrialRevolution, the production and harvesting of products was completed through manual Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower with machine power.
One of the first, and perhaps most important, developments of the Industrial Revolution wasthe steam engine. This advance in transportation allowed for the faster delivery ofmanufactured goods. However, the steam engine wasn't only used for transportation butinstead for the construction of machine engines that made faster production possible. Forexample, before the Industrial Revolution, most tasks were done by either wind or water poweror by the strength of man or horse. But, in 1698, a man by the name of Thomas Saveryconstructed the first steam-powered engine in London. (17) Thomas Savery, an engineer andinventor, patented a machine that could effectively draw water from flooded mines using steampressure.
The development of the steam engine caused a host of other changes technologically, socially,and economically within British culture. Steam engine technology led to the development offactories, where products were turned out in the hundreds or even thousands. The factoryindustry eventually gave rise to what we now know as the modem city. (18) Manchester, forexample, due to its cotton mills, became known as Cottonopolis because there were so manyfactories producing textiles. However, these early cities were not as clean or well kept as theones we are familiar with today. Along with the growth of industry came the increase ofsometimes hard or dirty living conditions. Children were forced to work long hours in factoriesuntil the Factory Act of 1833 came into effect, which stated that children under nine were notallowed to work and children over nine were not to work at night or for more than twelve-hourshifts. (19) Trade unions were also born out of the Industrial Revolution, giving workers rightsand freedoms that they had not had in the past.
Before the Industrial Revolution, working conditions for British workers was not , women, and children worked long hours for little money. The poor conditions of theworking class caused many educated British historians and authors to write manifestosexpressing great sorrow for the working class. And even those that were not British, such asFriedrich Engels, a German political philosopher, used England as a model for change when hewrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. Within this text, Engels spoke ofthe Industrial Revolution and how it was to change the whole fabric of society.
16. What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about in agriculture?
17. What was the first steam-powered engine used for?
18. Why was Manchester also called Cottonopolis?
19. What was the function of trade unions in Britain at that time?
同学们，今天我要讲的是工业革命。“工业革命”这个词指的是18世纪末出现在英国的科技、社会、经济和文化等领域的变革。这一变革最终蔓延到了世界各地，催生了很多大城市。工业革命前，生产和收获完全是通过人力劳动完成的，而工业革命用机械动力取代了人力。
工业革命中第一批，或许也是最重要的发明之一是蒸汽机。在交通运输上的这一进步使得生产出来的产品更快被送往各地。然而，蒸汽机并没有只应用到了运输业，它也被用到了在机器引擎制造中，从而加速了生产。比如，工业革命以前，大部分工作由风能、水能、人力或马匹完成。但是，1698年，托马斯·萨弗里制造出了伦敦第一个蒸汽发动机。托马斯·萨弗里是一位工程师和发明家。他把这个可以利用蒸汽压力高效率地从水井中抽水的机器注册了专利。
蒸汽引擎的发明给英国文化的各个方面，包括科技、社会和经济，带来了很多其他的.变化。蒸汽引擎技术导致了工厂的产生，工厂是批量生产商品的地方。而工业最终导致了我们现在所说的现代城市的产生。曼彻斯特棉花厂林立，是众多纺织厂的所在地，故被称为“棉都”。然而，这些城市早期并不像现在我们所熟悉的它们一样清洁而有秩序。随着工业的发展，出现了生存环境的恶化。直到1833年《工厂法》生效以前，儿童被迫在工厂中长时间工作。《工厂法》规定9岁以下儿童不允许在工厂中工作;9岁以上儿童不允许上夜班或轮班超过12个小时。工会也在工业革命期间诞生，给予了工人以往不曾有过的权利和自由。
工业革命以前，英国工人工作环境恶劣。男性、女性以及儿童长时间工作，报酬却很少。工人阶级所处的恶劣环境让英国受过高等教育的历史学家和作家们不禁写文章抒发他们对工人阶层的无比怜悯之情。甚至一些非英国人士，例如德国政治哲学家，弗里德里希·恩格斯在1844年创作《英国工人阶级状况》一书时将英国作为变革的模板。在书中，恩格斯阐述了工业革命以及它将如何改变整个社会。
16.工业革命给农业带来了什么变化?
17.第一台蒸汽发动机的用途是什么?
18.曼彻斯特为什么被称为“棉都”?
19.工业革命时期英国工会的职能是什么?
参考答案：
【小题16】D
【小题17】A
【小题18】C
【小题19】C
习题解析：
【小题16】讲座开头讲到了工业革命指的是出现在英国 18 世纪末的技术、社会、经济和文化上的变革，其中特别提到 Before the Industrial Revolution, the production and harvesting of products wascompleted through manual labor. The Industrial Revolution replaced this manpower withmachine power.由此可知，工业革命前，生产和收获完全是通过人力完成的，而工业革命用机械动力取代了人力。故选项 D 正确。其他选项讲座中未提及，均排除。
【小题17】讲座中提到 1698 年，托马斯·塞维利发明了蒸汽动力引擎，之后对托马斯·基维利本人和他的发明做了简要介绍，提到 Thomas Savery, an engineer and inventor, patented a machine that couldeffectively draw water from flooded mines using steam pressure.由此可知，托马斯·塞维利利用蒸汽压力发明了一个机器用来抽取矿井水，所以第一台蒸汽动力的引擎是用来抽井水的，故选项 A 为答案。
【小题18】讲座中明确提到 Manchester, for example, due to its cotton mills, became known asCottonopolis because there were so many factories producing textiles.由此可知，曼彻斯特棉花厂林立，是众多纺织厂的所在地，故被称为“棉都”。故选项 C 为答案。其他选项内容在讲座中并未提及，均排除。
【小题19】讲座中明确提到 Trade unions were also born out of the Industrial Revolution, givingworkers rights and freedoms that they had not had in the past.由此可知诞生于工业革命时期的工会能够给予工人以往不曾有过的权利和自由，故选 C 为答案
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