2017托福阅读各题型的解答策略

导语：托福阅读中有很多题型，虽然不可能全部题型都出，但是我们应该要考前清楚掌握这些题型，下面YJBYS小编分享2017托福阅读各题型的解答策略，欢迎参考!

在IBT阅读考题中，我们依然能看到一个熟悉的词组“refer to ”,这是指代关系题的标志。一般来说，3篇IBT阅读题目中会有2至3道这种类型的试题，所以不能轻视。

一、 指代关系题可以分为两类： 代词指代题和词汇指代题。

　　1. 代词指代题：

对于代词指代题，简单句中的这类题目可以采用就近原则来解决：先读整个句子，以代词为线索在其周围寻找与它意思接近的词汇或者短语。而对于主从复合句，采用后指代前的方法。 一般来说，从句的代词主语指代主句的名词主语。这个与主从复合句的类型没有关系。

例如：

The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized.

The word “they ”refers to

A. skeleton B. scavengers C. creatures D. environments

这个句子为复合句，前半句的主语为skeletons，所以按照上面的原则A为正确答案。

　　2. 词汇指代题：

这种类题主要是指所考察的指代词语为词汇或者短语，而不是指代。

例如：代词指代题的常问方式为： The word “they, it, their……” refer to …

词汇指代题的常问方式为: The word “ W ” refer to … ,其中，“W ”为词汇或者短语。

其解题技巧和代词指代题解题技巧一样，采用就近原则和后指代前的方法。

我们来看一个例子：

In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process is obscured.

The word “process” in refer to

A. The righting of tumbling cat

B. The cat's fall slowed down

C. High-speed photography

D. A scientific experiment

这是个主从复合句， 从句的主语为process，所以答案应该为The gyrations of the cat in midair，但是答案中没有相同的选项。根据代词指代的特点，本句中找不到所指代的对象，所指代的对象通常出现在上一句话中，所以正确答案为A.

　　二、解答指代关系题的三大步骤：

1. 看题干，确定指代类型

2. 带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围

3. 采用排除法，确定答案。

总之，正确理解原文是解决这类问题的关键，之后按照这三个步骤，采用就近原则和后指代前 的技巧进行解答。

句意解释题也有人称其为“变换措辞题”，也就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话，保留其内容，而不改变原来句子的意思。在IBT阅读的三篇文章中，每篇文章可能有0-1道这样的题目，每次考试总共有2到3题。

这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

　　解决这类题目的三种方法：

第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;

第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。

下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：

Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.

I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.

Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.

Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.

　　解题：

首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small marketers，谓语为be concerned with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on.这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C.这道题目采用了第一种方法。

总之，这类题目的解决步骤就是分析句子结构，找出关键词语——找出其中的重要词组进行同义替换——结合整个句子的.意思进行重新组织句子——采用排除法找出正确答案。

修饰目的题在一定程度上也叫例证题，它主要考查考生透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的是这类题目的主要考察点。一般来说，问题会要求考生理解为什么作者在文章中用某些词，词组和句子。在IBT考试中会有3-4个这类型题目。

　　1、修辞目的题的两种考察形式：

在阅读考试中，这类题目有两种不同的考察形式：一种是给出修辞手段问目的，另一种是给出修辞目的问手段。

其常见的题目形式如下：

The author uses X as an example of…

Why does the author mention X?

Why does the author compare … to …?

Why does the author use the word … in discussing…?

The author discusses X in paragraph X in order to…

The author uses X as an example of…

　　2、解题技巧

找出这些修辞方法所用的关键词，例如定义中所用的同位语;描述事物大小、形状的形容词和名词;举例用的词，如，for instance，for example， in other words;用来解释的词语，如because， this is why， due to等。

我们来看一个例子：

One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings，for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.

Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?

To suggest that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks

To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux

To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces

To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations

首先分析问题题目，找出其中的关键词：Bushmen in South Africa.之后回到原文看其前后的句子，找到原文的关键词for example，通过分析知道，这一例子的目的是为了说明它前面的那句话，即这些绘画的位置令人费解。作者以对比的手法来说明这一点：Bushmen in South Africa的绘画常位于洞口或洞外，而法国和西班牙的洞穴绘画(本文所说的绘画)却位于远离最初洞口的深处。由此可见，Bushmen in South Africa的例子是为了说明Lascaux绘画位置的怪异。第二个选项符合此意，为正确答案。

总之，解决这类问题的步骤可以总结为：分析问题题目找出关键词，返回原文找原文中的关键词，理解上下文得出答案。

事实信息题(Factual Information)：考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息，并排除干扰回答问题的能力。读者的任务是在给出的选项中，选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。此题型虽然有难度，数量也较大，但属于老题型。

例题：

Passage：…Sculptures must，for example，be stable，which requires an understanding of the properties of mass，weight distribution，and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut，and the paint must not crack， deteriorate，or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example，in the early Italian Renaissance，bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words，the demand of the laws of physics，not the sculptor‘s aesthetic intentions，placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze)…

According to paragraph 2，sculptors in the Italian Renaissance stopped using cannonballs in bronze statues of horses because

A. they began using a material that made the statues weigh less

B. they found a way to strengthen the statues internally

C. the aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time

D. the cannonballs added too much weight to the statues

正确答案是B.