无论在学习或是工作中，我们经常接触到试题，试题是命题者按照一定的考核目的编写出来的。一份什么样的试题才能称之为好试题呢？下面是小编帮大家整理的专四英语考试阅读理解练习题，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.
DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.
The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.
In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a
National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.
1. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____.
d have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations
d have to submit evidence for their innocence
d easily escape conviction of guilt
be convicted of guilt as well
2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.
methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate
different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern
C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals
different individuals leave two DNA samples.
3. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____.
not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals
arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern.
not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics
theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying
4. The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____.
gh data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members
gh data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can match
gh data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person
tional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person
5. onal Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____.
testing should be systematized
authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing
academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing
academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing
答案： CBABB
(1)Life can be tough for immigrants in America. As a Romanian bank clerk in Atlanta puts it, to find a good job “you have to be like a wolf in the forest – able to smell out the best meat.” And if you can’t find work,don’t expect the taxpayer to bail you out.Unlike in some European countries, it is extremely hard for an able-bodied immigrant to live off the state. A law passed in 1996 explicitly bars most immigrants, even those with legal status, from receiving almost any federal benefits.
(1)对移入美国的移民来说，生活可能会很艰辛。正如亚特兰大罗马尼亚银行的一位职员所说，为找到好的工作，“你必须像森林中的苍狼一般，嗅到最大最可口的那块肉。”相反，如果找不到工作，那就别指望纳税人能帮衬你脱离贫苦的日子了。与在一些欧洲国家不同，在美国，四肢健全的移民想要依靠国家生活，比登天还难。一项于1996年通过的法律明令禁止了大多数移民者——甚至包括有合法身份的移民——取得几乎任何联邦福利。
(2)That is one reason why America absorbs immigrants better than may other rich countries, according to a new study by the University of California. The researchers sought to measure the effect of immigration on the native-born in 20 rich countries, taking into account differences in skills between immigrants and natives, imperfect labor markets and the size of welfare state in each country.
(2)加州大学的一项新研究表明，这便是美国所吸纳的移民比其他富裕国家质量还要高的原因之一。该研究中，研究员们设法测定了20个国家中移民对本国居民的影响，考虑到的因素包括了移民与本国居民的技能差异、劳动力市场尚不完善的现状、各国福利制度的规模等等。
(3)Their results offer ammunition for fans of more open borders. In 19 out of 20 countries, the authors calculated that shutting the doors entirely to foreign workers would make the native-born worse off. Never mind what it would do to the immigrants themselves, who benefit far more than anyone else from being allowed to cross borders to find work.
(3)研究结果为“更开放边境”的支持者提供了有利证据。在这20个国家中，有19个国家的研究者都测算出了如下结论：对外国务工者彻底完全关闭边境的做法，将会让本国居民的境况更拮据；而这样做对移民的影响则更不必说了：如若允许他们跨越边境来务工，显然他们将是最大的受益者，得到的好处远超其他任何人。
(4)The study also suggests that most countries could handle more immigration than they currently allow. In America, a one-percentage point increase in the proportion of immigrants in the population made the native-born 0.05% better off. The opposite was true in some countries with generous or ill-designed welfare states, however. A one-point rise in immigration made the native-born slightly worse off in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. In Belgium, immigrants who lose jobs can receive almost two-thirds of their most recent wage in state benefits, which must make the hunt for a new job less urgent.
(4)该研究还显示，大多数国家还可接受比现在更多的移民。在美国，移民在总人口中的占比提高了一个百分点，这让美国本土居民的生活处境好了0.05%。然而，由于当地过于慷慨或错误设计的福利制度，与此相反的情况在一些国家也是存在的：在奥地利、比利时、德国、卢森堡、荷兰、瑞典和瑞士，移民占比每提高1%，本国居民的处境就会略微恶化一些。在比利时，失业的移民可获得将约等于其最近薪资三分之二的国家福利金，这无疑让失业者觉得找到新工作这件事变得不那么迫在眉睫。
(5)None of these effects was large, but the study undermines the claim that immigrants steal jobs from natives or drag down their wages. Many immigrants take jobs that Americans do not want, the study finds. This “smooths” the labor market and ultimately creates more jobs for locals. Native-owned grocery stores do better business because there are immigrants to pick the fruit they sell. Indian computer scientists help American software firms expand. A previous study found that because immigrants typically earn less than locals with similar skills, they boost corporate profits, prompting companies to grow and hire more locals.
(5)但是这项研究动摇了“移民从本国居民那里‘偷’来工作或拉低他们薪资”这样的说法。研究显示，很多移民在做本土美国人不愿做的工作。这使得劳动力市场更“平整”——最终可以为当地居民创造更多就业岗位。本地人经营的食品杂货店之所以生意更好，恰是因为有移民来帮他们采摘要出售的水果。来自印度的计算机科学家来帮美国软件供公司扩张……一项之前的研究还发现，在技能水平相近的.情况下，移民往往比本国居民赚的要少，而且他们提高了企业利润，推动了企业发展，让企业得以雇用更多的当地居民。
Source:The Economist (Jul 12th 2014): Immigration: They Can’t Imagine Not Working.
41. Increase in immigration in Austria fails to improve local’s life mainly because of _______.
A. inadequate skills of immigrants
B. imperfect labor markets
C. low wages for locals
D. the design of the welfare system
【解析】选D。根据第4段第3、4句，这是因为“当地过于慷慨或错误设计的福利制度”。
42. Who will favor the study results by researchers from the University of California?
A. People who have legal status.
B. People who run businesses.
C. People who receive state benefits.
D. People who are willing to earn less.
【解析】选B，有争议。我认为选B是根据最后一段，列举了移民对企业主的好处，即提高企业利润，促进企业发展。企业主一看，搜嘎，原来雇用移民对我好处那么多呀，促进企业发展，还不用给他们付很多钱，所以会支持研究结果。A的话我觉得这项研究的结果是对移民有利的，尤其是非法移民，所以我感觉已经合法了的就不要那么开心了吧……C的话领福利的人太多，也不只是移民，而且如果企业因此愿意雇移民了，他们的福利会不会削弱？而D的话，傻子才willing to earn less。这个世界上除了认为996是修福报的杰克马自称愿意earn less，你再给我找第二个willing to earn less的人？
43. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s attitude is _______ towards immigration.
A. cautiously favorable
B. slightly negative
C. strongly negative
D. quite ambiguous
【解析】选A。最后一段中，作者指出，根据这项研究，移民对于移入国总体是利大于弊的，可推断出作者赞同移民的。而第4段作者指出，在福利制度不当的国家，移民可能会带来负面影响，因此他的措辞是比较谨慎。所以说是cautiously favorable。
51. What does the statement “…, don’t expect the taxpayer to bail you out.” Mean? (Para.1)
【解析】You can’t get state benefits from tax paid by taxpayers.（言之有理即可）
原句中，taxpayer是纳税人，bail out是保释某人、使某人摆脱（困境等）境况，如The government had to bail the company out of financial difficulty.所以，原句字面意思是你别指望纳税人能帮你脱离困境，隐含的逻辑是福利或社会保障金来自于纳锐人交的税款。所以，其实就是说你无法得到从纳税人税款中拨出来的社会福利金了。
【高级表达】
Live off sb 依靠某人生活
Bar sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事
Bail sb out 保释某人、使某人摆脱（困境等）境况
Seek to 试图，设法，寻求
Welfare state （法）福利制度
Ammunition （辩论中可攻击对方的）信息，事实，炮弹
学识谷
