Unit 5 FIRST AID FOR BURNS烧伤的急救
The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ.皮肤是身体必不可少的部分，也是身体的最大器官。You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease, poisons and the sun's harmful rays.皮肤有三层，它们是防病、防毒、抵御太阳有害光线侵害的一道屏障。The functions of your skin are also very complex:皮肤的功能十分复杂。it keeps you warm or cool; it prevents your body from losing too much water;皮肤可以保暖或御寒，保持体内水分。it is where you feel cold, heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.正是皮肤使你感到冷热、疼痛，它还使你有触觉。So as you can imagine, if your skin gets burned it can be very serious.因此，你可以想象到，如果你的皮肤烧伤了，就可能非常严重。First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of burns.在治疗烧伤的过程中，紧急处理是非常重要的第一步。 Causes of burns烧伤的原因：
You can get burned by a variety of things: hot liquids, steam, fire, radiation (by being close to high heat or fire, etc), the sun, electricity or chemicals.你可能由于各种原因而烧伤：灼热的液体、水蒸气、火、辐射（由于靠近高温或大火）、阳光、电和化学物品。 Types of burns烧伤的种类：
There are three types of burns.烧伤有三类。Burns are called first, second or third degree burns,
depending on which layers of the skin are burned.根据皮肤烧伤的层次分为一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。
◎ First degree burns: These affect only the top layer of the skin. These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two. Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan, stove or iron for a moment.
·一度烧伤：只损伤皮层的最上层。这些烧伤并不严重，应当在一两天内就有好转。例如轻度的晒伤，由于短暂接触热锅、火炉或熨斗而导致的烫伤。
◎ Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin. These burns are serious and take a few weeks to heal. Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids.
·二度烧伤：既损伤了皮肤的最上层，又损伤了皮质的第二层。这些烧伤属于严重的烧伤，需几星期才能痊愈。例如严重的晒伤和灼热的液体所造成的烧伤。
◎ Third degree burns These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin. Examples include burns caused by electric shocks, burning clothes, or severe petrol fires. These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once.
·三度烧伤：所有三层皮质以及皮下的组织和器官都受到损害。例如由电击引起的烧伤，因衣服起火引起的烧伤，或因汽油起火引起的烧伤。这些烧伤都属于非常严重的烧伤，受伤者必须立即送往医院。
Characteristics of burns烧伤的特性： First degree burns一度烧伤：
◎ dry, red and mildly swollen干燥、发红、微肿 ◎ mildly painful微痛
◎ turn white when pressed受压时变白 Second degree burns二度烧伤
◎ rough, red and swollen粗糙、发红、肿胀 ◎ blisters起水泡
◎ watery surface表层渗液 ◎ extremely painful极其疼痛 Third degree burns三度烧伤：
◎ black and white and charred黑、白和焦炭色相间
◎ swollen; often tissue under them can be seen肿胀，可看到皮下组织
◎ little or no pain if nerves are damaged; may be pain around edge of injured area. 若损害了神经，则没有疼痛或轻微疼痛，或者在创面四周有疼感 First aid treatment急救处理：
1 Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn. Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.
1、除非衣服粘贴在烧伤面上，否则都要把它脱掉（必要时可用剪刀帮助）。靠近创面的其他衣物和首饰也都要取掉。
2 Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water. It is best to place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes. (The cool water stops the burning process, prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns. 2、马上用凉水给伤口冲凉，但不能用冰水。最好是把烧伤的部位放在慢速流动的自来水下冲洗大约10分钟。（凉水可以阻止烧伤的进程，可以防止无法忍受的疼痛，还可以减轻肿胀程度）。三度烧伤不可用冷水冲。
3 For first degree burns, place cool, clean, wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad. For second degree burns, keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.
3、对于一度烧伤的患者，要把清凉干净的湿布放在烧伤面上，直到疼痛感较轻时为止。对于二度烧伤，要保持湿布清凉，需把湿布放回冷水盆中，拧出水后再放在烧伤面上，这样要反反复复地做一个小时左右，直到不太痛时为止。
4 Dry the burned area gently. Do not rub, as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected.
4、轻轻地把烧伤面弄干，但不要擦拭，因为这样做可能会擦破水泡，伤口会感染。 5 Cover the burned area with a dry, clean bandage that will not stick to the skin. Hold the bandage in place with tape. Never put butter, oil or ointment on burns as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.
5、用干而清洁又不粘皮肤的绷带盖住烧伤面，用胶布把绷带固定。千万不要在烧伤处涂黄油、油或软膏，因为这会使里面的热散不出去，而且还可能导致感染。
6 If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible. If burns are on the face,
the victim should sit up.
6、如果烧伤的部位在臂部和腿部，尽可能把手臂或腿脚抬高到高于心脏的位置。如果是面部烧伤，伤者则应该坐起来。
7 If the injuries are second or third degree burns, it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.
7、如果属于二度或三度烧伤，就必须立即把患者送往医院或送去看医生。
10.必修五Unit 5 HEROIC TEENAGER RECEIVES AWARD 英雄青年获奖记
Seventeen-year-old teenager, John Janson, was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.17岁的`青年约翰·詹森昨晚在里弗镇的救生员颁奖大会上领奖，因为他在一次骇人听闻的持刀袭击案件发生后，为邻居实施了紧急救援。
John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.在颁奖大会上，约翰被授予奖赏。大会共表彰了抢救他人生命的十个人的勇敢行为。
John was studying in his room when he heard screaming. (那天)约翰正在房里学习，突然听到一声尖叫，When he and his father rushed outside, a man ran from the scene.他和父亲赶紧冲出去，发现一名男子从现场逃跑，They discovered that Anne Slade, mother of three, had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife.而三个孩子的母亲安·斯莱德被人连捅了数刀。She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.她躺在前花园的地上，流血不止。Her hands had almost been cut off.她的双手几乎被砍断了。
It was John's quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slade's life.正是约翰快捷的动作和急救知识救了斯莱德女士的命。He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, but when nobody could put their hands on any, his father got some tea towels and tape from their house.他立即向附近的一些人要绷带，当他们都找不到绷带的时候，他的父亲从屋里拿出一些擦杯盘的布和胶带来。John used these to treat the most severe injuries to Ms Slade's hands.约翰就用这些东西把斯莱德手上最严重的伤口包扎起来。He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.他使劲地按住伤口，使血流得慢些，一直等到警察和救护车的到来。
约翰说：“我为自己所做的事感到自豪，不过，我所做的都是以前别人教会我做的事。”
John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school.约翰在读高中时就参加了青年救生员组织。When congratulating John, Mr Alan Southerton, Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said, is no doubt that John's quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade's life. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.该组织的主任艾伦·萨瑟顿先生在向约翰表示祝贺时说：“毫无疑问，是约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术，挽救了斯莱德女士的生命。这表明懂得急救知识的确能发挥重要作用。”
Before receiving their awards last night, John and the nine other Life Savers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.约翰和其他九位救生员在昨晚领奖时，还出席了由首相主持的特殊的招待会。
学识谷
